March 22, 2022

Vincent van Gogh (1853–1890) 5

 Vincent van Gogh (1853–1890)


1880๋…„ ๋นˆ์„ผํŠธ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์„ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ผ์ด ์ž์‹ ์„ ๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ณ  ํ™”๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋นˆ์„ผํŠธ๋Š” 1880๋…„, ๋ธŒ๋คผ์…€, ํ—ค์ด๊ทธ(The Hague), ๋“œ๋ Œํ„ฐ(Drenthe) ์ง€๋ฐฉ ๋“ฑ์—์„œ ๋ณธ๊ฒฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์„ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.


Vincent van Gogh (1853–1890), Landscape with Pollard Willows, Apr-May 1881, watercolor over graphite pencil on paper, 38.7 x 51.4 cm, Saint Louis Art Museum, St. Louis, United States of America


ํŠนํžˆ, ์—ํ„ด(Etten)์€ ๊ณ ํ๊ฐ€ ์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ™”์‹ค์„ ์—ด๊ณ , ํ™”๊ฐ€๋กœ์„œ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ ๋„์‹œ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 


1881๋…„ ์ž‘ ๋ฒ„๋“œ๋‚˜๋ฌด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ’๊ฒฝ(Landscape with Pollard Willows)์€ 1881๋…„ 4์›”์—์„œ 5์›”์— ์ˆ˜์ฑ„ํ™”๋กœ ๊ทธ๋ฆฐ ๋นˆ์„ผํŠธ์˜ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.


๋ด„์ด ๋ฌด๋ฅด์ต์€ 4~5์›”์˜ ํ’๊ฒฝ์„ ์ˆ˜์ฑ„ํ™”๋กœ ๊ทธ๋ฆฐ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์ธ๋ฐ, ๋ด„์ด๋‚˜ ์ดˆ์—ฌ๋ฆ„์˜ ๋ฐ๊ณ  ํ™œ๊ธฐ์ฐฌ ๋А๋‚Œ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ์–ด๋‘์šด ๋А๋‚Œ์˜ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 


์ด ๊ทธ๋ฆผ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋‹น์‹œ ๋นˆ์„ผํŠธ์˜ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์€ ์ „๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์–ด๋‘์šด ํ™”ํ’์ด์—ˆ์ฃ .



Vincent van Gogh (1853–1890), Young Peasant with Sickle, October 1881, drawing / watercolor painting, 47 x 61 cm, Krรถller-Mรผller Museum, Otterlo, Netherlands (F851)


์ด ๊ทธ๋ฆผ ๋‚ซ์„ ๋“  ์ Š์€ ๋†๋ฏผ(Young Peasant with Sickle, 1881)๋„ ๋†๋ฏผ์„ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋กœ ๊ทธ๋ ธ๋Š”๋ฐ, ๊ทธ ๋‹น์‹œ ๋นˆ์„ผํŠธ์˜ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ ์ค‘์—์„œ๋Š” ๋น„๊ต์  ๋ฐ์€ ํ†ค์˜ ์ƒ‰์ฑ„๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.


Vincent van Gogh (1853–1890), Tetards (Pollards) / Landscape with Willows and Sun Shining Through the Clouds, March 1884, Pen and brown ink, with touches of pen and black ink, graphite and graphite frottage, and traces of black chalk, on grayish-white paper laid down on cardboard, 33.7 x 43.8 cm, Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago, United States of America

๊ฐ€์ง€์น˜๊ธฐํ•œ ๋‚˜๋ฌด(Tรชtards; Pollards) ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฒ„๋“œ๋‚˜๋ฌด์™€ ๊ตฌ๋ฆ„ ์‚ฌ์ด๋กœ ํ–‡์‚ด์ด ๋น„์น˜๋Š” ํ’๊ฒฝ(Landscape with Willows and Sun Shining Through the Clouds)์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ด๋ฆ„ ๋ถ™์—ฌ์ง„ ์ด ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์€ ๋นˆ์„ผํŠธ๊ฐ€ 1884๋…„ 3์›” ๋‰˜๋„จ(Nuenen)์—์„œ ์™„์„ฑํ•œ ์†Œ๋ฌ˜(drawing) ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.


๊ฐˆ์ƒ‰ ์ž‰ํฌ์˜ ํŽœ(Pen and brown ink)์œผ๋กœ ์ฃผ๋กœ ๊ทธ๋ ธ๋Š”๋ฐ, ๊ทธ ์™ธ์—๋„ ๊ฒ€์€์ƒ‰ ์ž‰ํฌ์˜ ํŽœ(pen and black ink), ๋ชฉํƒ„(graphite), ๋ชฉํƒ„ ํ”„๋กœํƒ€์ฃผ(graphite frottage), ๊ฒ€์€์ƒ‰ ๋ถ„ํ•„(black chalk) ๋“ฑ๋„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.


Vincent van Gogh (1853–1890), Landscape in the snow with Arles in the Background, February 1888, oil on canvas, 50 x 60 cm, Private collection 


1888๋…„ 2์›”์—๋Š” ๋Œ€๋„์‹œ ์ƒํ™œ์— ์‹ซ์ฆ์„ ๋А๊ปด ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค ์•„๋ฅผ๋กœ ์˜ฎ๊น๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ๋งŽ์€ ์ž‘ํ’ˆํ™œ๋™์„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 


Vincent van Gogh (1853–1890), The harvest, June 1888, oil on canvas, 73 x 92 cm, Van Gogh Museum, Amsterdam, Netherlands (F 412, JH 1440)


๋ชฝ๋งˆ์ฃผ๋ฅด๊ฐ€ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ํฌ๋กœ ๋“คํŒ์˜ ์ถ”์ˆ˜(Harvest at La Crau, with Montmajour in the Background) ๋˜๋Š” ์ถ”์ˆ˜(The harvest)๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์€ ๊ณ ํ๊ฐ€ 1888๋…„ 6์›”์— ๊ทธ๋ฆฐ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.


์ด๋•Œ๋Š” ๊ณ ํ๊ฐ€ ๋‚จํ”„๋ž‘์Šค ํ”„๋กœ๋ฐฉ์Šค ์ง€๋ฐฉ์˜ ํ•ด์•ˆ ๋งˆ์„ ์ƒํŠธ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ๋“œ๋ผ๋ฉ”๋ฅด(Saintes-Maries-de-la-Mer)๋ฅผ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์•„๋ฅผ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„์˜จ ์งํ›„์ด๋ฉฐ, ์•„๋ฅผ์˜ ๋…ธ๋ž€ ์ง‘์—์„œ ๊ณ ๊ฐฑ๊ณผ ๊ณต๋™์ฒด ์ƒํ™œ์„ ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๋˜ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 


Vincent van Gogh (1853–1890), Peach Trees in Blossom, April 1889, oil on canvas, 65 x 81 cm, Courtauld Institute of Art, London


๊ฝƒ์ด ํ•€ ๋ณต์ˆญ์•„ ๋‚˜๋ฌด(Peach Trees in Blossom)๋Š” 1889๋…„ 4์›”์— ์™„์„ฑํ•œ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์•„๋ฅผ ๊ทผ์ฒ˜ ๋ผํฌ๋กœ(La Crau) ํ‰์›์— ๊ฝƒ์ด ํ•€ ๋ณต์ˆญ์•„ ๋‚˜๋ฌด๋“ค์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๊ทธ๋ ธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.



Vincent van Gogh (1853–1890), Irises, May 1889, oil on canvas, 71.1 x 93.0 cm, Getty Center, Los Angeles, California (F608) 

๋นˆ์„ผํŠธ๋Š” 1889๋…„ 5์›”์— ์•„๋ฅผ์—์„œ 30km๋„ ์•ˆ ๋–จ์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ƒ ๋ ˆ๋ฏธ(Saint-Rรฉmy)์˜ ์„ธ์ดํŠธ ํด ์š”์–‘๋ณ‘์›(Saint-Paul-de-Mausole asylum)์œผ๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 

๋ณ‘์›์—์„œ ์ƒํ™œํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๋นˆ์„ผํŠธ๋Š” ๋ณ‘์›์˜ ์ •์›์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์•„์ด๋ฆฌ์Šค๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์ œ๋กœ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ ์˜ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์„ ๋‚จ๊น๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

1889๋…„ 5์›”์— ์•„์ด๋ฆฌ์Šค๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด๋ฆฌ์ง€์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๊ทธ๋ฆฐ ์•„์ด๋ฆฌ์Šค(Irises)์™€ ํ•œ ์†ก์ด๋งŒ ์ง‘์ค‘ํ•ด์„œ ๊ทธ๋ฆฐ ์•„์ด๋ฆฌ์Šค(The Iris)๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 

๋‘ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ผ๋ณธ ์šฐํ‚ค์š”์— ๋ชฉํŒํ™”(ukiyo-e woodblock prints)์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›์€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 

์•„์ด๋ฆฌ์Šค(Irises)๋Š” ์•„์ด๋ฆฌ์Šค๋ฅผ ํด๋กœ์ฆˆ์—…ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋ฐ์€ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์˜ ํ…Œ๋‘๋ฆฌ๋กœ ๋ฐ€๋ ค๋‚˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ตฌ๋„๋กœ ๊ทธ๋ ธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์ž‘ํ’ˆ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๋ฐ์… ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์ด ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์•„์„œ, ์ด ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์ด ์ผ์ข…์˜ ์Šต์ž‘์ด์—ˆ์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ณด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋นˆ์„ผํŠธ์˜ ๋™์ƒ์ธ ํ…Œ์˜ค(Theo)๋Š” ์ด ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์„ 1889๋…„ 9์›” ๋…๋ฆฝ ์˜ˆ์ˆ ๊ฐ€ ํ˜‘ํšŒ(Sociรฉtรฉ des Artistes Indรฉpendants)์˜ ์—ฐ๋ก€ ์ „์‹œํšŒ์— ์ถœํ’ˆํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

ํ…Œ์˜ค๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ํŽธ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋‚จ๊ธฐ์ฃ .

"[It] strikes the eye from afar. The Irises are a beautiful study full of air and life."
"(์ด ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์€) ๋ฉ€๋ฆฌ์„œ๋„ ๋ˆˆ์— ๋„์—ˆ์–ด. ์•„์ด๋ฆฌ์Šค๋Š” ๊ธฐ์šด๊ณผ ์ƒ๋ช…์ด ๊ฐ€๋“์ฐฌ ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์šด ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์ด์•ผ."


Vincent van Gogh (1853–1890), Iris, May 1889, oil on cardboard mounted on canvas, 62.2 x 48.3 cm, National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa (F601) 

ํ•œ ์†ก์ด ์•„์ด๋ฆฌ์Šค(The Iris)๋Š” ์•„์ด๋ฆฌ์Šค๋ฅผ ๊ทธ๋ฆฐ ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์œผ๋กœ ์•„์ด๋ฆฌ์Šค๋“ค์ด ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋‹ค ํ™œ์ง ํ”ผ๊ธฐ ์ „์— ๋จผ์ € ํ•€ ์•„์ด๋ฆฌ์Šค ํ•œ ์†ก์ด๋ฅผ ์ง‘์ค‘ํ•ด์„œ ๊ทธ๋ฆฐ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ •๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์˜ ํ’€๋“ค์˜ ๋ถ“ํ„ฐ์น˜๋Š” ๋งˆ์น˜ ํ’€๋“ค์ด ์•„์ด๋ฆฌ์Šค๋ฅผ ํ–ฅํ•˜๋Š” ํ–‡์‚ด์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋А๋ผ๊ฒŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.



Vincent van Gogh (1853–1890), The town hall in Auvers on 14 July 1890, July 1890, oil on canvas, 72 x 93 cm, Private collection (F790, JH2108)

์˜ค๋ฒ ๋ฅด ์‹œ์ฒญ(The Town Hall at Auvers)์€ ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๋จธ๋ฌผ๋˜ ์˜ค๋ฒ ๋ฅด ์‰ฌ๋ฅด ์šฐ์•„์ฆˆ(Auvers-sur-Oise)์˜ ์‹œ์ฒญ์„ ๊ทธ๋ฆฐ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์œผ๋กœ 1890๋…„ 7์›” 14์ผ ์™„์„ฑ๋œ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.  

์™„์„ฑ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ‘œํ˜„์€ ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ํ˜น์ž๋Š” ๋นˆ์„ผํŠธ์˜ ๋‹ค์ž‘์˜ ๋น„๊ฒฐ์ด ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์„ ๋๋‚ด๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์„ ๊ทธ๋ฆฐ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์„ ๋™์‹œ์— ๊ทธ๋ ธ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๊ณ  7์›” ์ค‘์ˆœ์— ๊ทธ๋ฆฐ ์ด ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์€ ๊ทธ์˜ ๋งˆ์ง๋ง‰ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์™„์„ฑ๋˜์ง€๋Š” ๋ชปํ•œ ๋ฏธ์™„์˜ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ณด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.



Vincent van Gogh (1853–1890), Wheatfield With Cornflowers, July 1890, oil on canvas, w81 x h60 cm, Beyeler Foundation, Riehen, Switzerland (F808, JH2118)

๋นˆ์„ผํŠธ๋Š” ์˜ค๋ฒ ๋ฅด ์‰ฌ๋ฅด ์šฐ์•„์ฆˆ ๋“ฑ์—์„œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ ์˜ ๋ฐ€๋ฐญ์„ ๊ทธ๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋‹จ์กฐ๋กœ์™€ ๋ณด์ผ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐ€๋ฐญ์„ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ƒ‰์ฑ„๋กœ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜๊ณ , ๋ถ“ํ„ฐ์น˜๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์—ญ๋™๊ฐ์„ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 


์œ„ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ ์ˆ˜๋ ˆ๊ตญํ™”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐ€๋ฐญ(Wheatfield With Cornflowers)์—์„œ ์ฒญ์ƒ‰ ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ˆ˜๋ ˆ๊ตญํ™”(cornflowers)์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

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